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funny"},{"term":"second world war"},{"term":"seismology"},{"term":"sex"},{"term":"silver.fox"},{"term":"skepticism"},{"term":"sky.ferreira"},{"term":"soviet.union"},{"term":"sports"},{"term":"statistics"},{"term":"stroop.effect"},{"term":"sundry"},{"term":"superman"},{"term":"survey"},{"term":"swearing"},{"term":"tableau.public"},{"term":"tau"},{"term":"technology"},{"term":"ternary"},{"term":"terrorism"},{"term":"the.catcher.in.the.rye"},{"term":"top.ten"},{"term":"tos"},{"term":"trendiness"},{"term":"trendy"},{"term":"tutorial"},{"term":"tweet"},{"term":"twilight"},{"term":"typography"},{"term":"uggs"},{"term":"uk"},{"term":"usa"},{"term":"vladimir.nabokov"},{"term":"vocabulary"},{"term":"vox"},{"term":"women"},{"term":"world war i"},{"term":"world war ii"},{"term":"wtf"},{"term":"x.files"},{"term":"youtube"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"prooffreader.com"},"subtitle":{"type":"html","$t":"Data spelunking and visualization"},"link":[{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/posts\/default"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/-\/data.visualization?alt=json-in-script\u0026max-results=8"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/search\/label\/data.visualization"},{"rel":"hub","href":"http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/"},{"rel":"next","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/-\/data.visualization\/-\/data.visualization?alt=json-in-script\u0026start-index=9\u0026max-results=8"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"generator":{"version":"7.00","uri":"http://www.blogger.com","$t":"Blogger"},"openSearch$totalResults":{"$t":"19"},"openSearch$startIndex":{"$t":"1"},"openSearch$itemsPerPage":{"$t":"8"},"entry":[{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-1478686021621639295"},"published":{"$t":"2015-05-21T10:48:00.004-04:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2015-05-21T11:58:47.835-04:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data analysis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"dataviz"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"linguistics"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"natural.language.processing"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nlp"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"osama.bin.laden"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"terrorism"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"vocabulary"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Osama bin Laden's infodump is as long as the first Harry Potter book, and other revelations of a preliminary text analysis"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Yesterday as of this writing (late May 2015), the U.S.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EOffice of the Director of National Intelligence\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.dni.gov\/index.php\/resources\/bin-laden-bookshelf?start=1\" style=\"box-sizing: border-box; color: #337ab7; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ereleased 103 documents written by Osama bin Laden\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E, captured during the raid on Abbotabad. Of course, m\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003Ey first thought was,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\"Great, a corpus!\".\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cstrong style=\"box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EBearing in mind that these are translations, here's my preliminary text analysis of the infodump.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EIf you want to see how I did the analysis, check out\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/gist\/Prooffreader\/762e7fa26f2e5a29bcc5\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003Ethis IPython notebook\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EFirst of all, to get a taste of the flavor of the whole collection, here's some randomly generated text based on it using a \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.doctornerve.org\/nerve\/pages\/interact\/mrkvform.shtml\"\u003EMarkov chain\u003C\/a\u003E:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cblockquote class=\"tr_bq\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EThe secretary of Muslims, but it the new environments at your news, always to take statements from our command of the issue is no harm, or is preferable to convince any operation must take Hamzah arrives here, such expression without an exhortation and all the world. This should be using such as a documentary about Ibn ‘Abbas… In the list you and so that viewed it comes from God. We, thank you and those companions and reads and ready to live in Gaza? Connect them all that he returned to spread the hearts [of the women who may respond to hearing them. He is what it is established system. Usually, these conditions, even with it. He might take me to give support such that it in the path for an end is a dangerous and they are you wish I am just a brother to be upon him very important of the family and that rose up the frontiers area (Islamic Maghreb); so were the reality of those who follows this great hypocrite. I am blessed with his companions… Furthermore, To the world as in missing the tenth anniversary in Algeria more religious issues.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/blockquote\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003ENow the word clouds. Everybody loves word clouds. Except for the people who hate word clouds because they're semi-quantitative at best. Well, you can't have everything.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EHere's the word cloud of the vocabulary in all of the documents:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-hVUUBLYAvK8\/VV3oqB5UDbI\/AAAAAAAALrY\/oze_kJUiYso\/s1600\/obl_words.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"529\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-hVUUBLYAvK8\/VV3oqB5UDbI\/AAAAAAAALrY\/oze_kJUiYso\/s640\/obl_words.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EUnsurprisingly, OBL uses a lot of religious terms; 'god' is used so frequently it's in most of the top results when we look at bigrams (two-word phrases):\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-mtrQIg9piew\/VV3pe9yPdBI\/AAAAAAAALrk\/LGPobB0NHJs\/s1600\/obl_bigrams.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"422\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-mtrQIg9piew\/VV3pe9yPdBI\/AAAAAAAALrk\/LGPobB0NHJs\/s640\/obl_bigrams.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003EFor the purists, there are bar graphs at the end of the post.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003EHere's the distribution of document length among the 103 letters\/documents:\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-kf8jCY0bCEo\/VV3qMYoJkPI\/AAAAAAAALrs\/v9vzZnuXAUg\/s1600\/download%2B%25281%2529.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"368\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-kf8jCY0bCEo\/VV3qMYoJkPI\/AAAAAAAALrs\/v9vzZnuXAUg\/s640\/download%2B%25281%2529.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EMost of the documents are short letters, but a couple of them are really long (about 20 pages, double spaced). The two long ones are \u003Ci\u003EA Letter to the Sunnah People in Syria\u003C\/i\u003E\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003ELetter to Shaykh Abu Abdallah dated 17 July 2010\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EThe total length of the correspondence is 74,908 words. Here's how that length compares to some well-known novels:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/--qDDrWSf39c\/VV35vaq0BMI\/AAAAAAAALsk\/Elu5NVxkscY\/s1600\/download%2B%25282%2529.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"314\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/--qDDrWSf39c\/VV35vaq0BMI\/AAAAAAAALsk\/Elu5NVxkscY\/s640\/download%2B%25282%2529.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EOsama bin Laden's correspondence is about as long as the first Harry Potter book (which you may know as \u003Ci\u003EHarry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\u003C\/i\u003E\u0026nbsp;on the left side of the pond).\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EI also compared the reading level of the (and I stress, translated) text using the Flesch-Kincaid formula, which must be taken with a grain of salt since it sometimes gives weird results, like scoring Shakespeare below children's books:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-UKzNWjpEKvk\/VV35vq-AEoI\/AAAAAAAALso\/Zl-45CjPSGs\/s1600\/download%2B%25283%2529.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"328\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-UKzNWjpEKvk\/VV35vq-AEoI\/AAAAAAAALso\/Zl-45CjPSGs\/s640\/download%2B%25283%2529.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EIt's about as hard to read as Mark Twain, so it's got that going for it, which is nice.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EI also did a quick topic modelling using the NMF algorithm, which determines which words best separate the 103 documents into similar groups, or clusters. Here are the results, in no particular order; the topics were named by me, based on nothing but intuition.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003ETopic 1, \"feminine and prayerful\": \u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Egod, peace, dear, praise, sister,\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Eblessing, mercy, willing, letter, prayer\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003ETopic 2, \"addressing those in power\":\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Eal, shaykh, brother, abu, letter,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Ewa, mahmud, muhammad, god, informed\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003ETopic 3: \"family and god\":\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Eallah, brother, mercy, ask, wa,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Eal, praise, father, child, know\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003ETopic 4: \"jihad\":\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Egod, said, people, ha, crusader,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Ejihad, nation, war, ye, islam\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003ETopic 5: \"Arab spring\":\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Erevolution, people, muslim, regime, ummah,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003Eegypt, opportunity, blood, ruler, wa\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cb style=\"line-height: 17.0000591278076px;\"\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal; text-align: start; white-space: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EAgain, if you want to see my methodology, \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/gist\/Prooffreader\/762e7fa26f2e5a29bcc5\"\u003Elook here\u003C\/a\u003E. Finally here are the bar graphs corresponding to the word clouds at the top of the post (click to enlarge):\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal; text-align: start; white-space: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-MyKsS7--NNs\/VV3tQ9NVj9I\/AAAAAAAALsQ\/TvfzUFZXHho\/s1600\/download%2B%25285%2529.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-MyKsS7--NNs\/VV3tQ9NVj9I\/AAAAAAAALsQ\/TvfzUFZXHho\/s400\/download%2B%25285%2529.png\" width=\"241\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-KCzCPIBBBvw\/VV3tQ1Gjp3I\/AAAAAAAALsM\/QVZmZs_vxUI\/s1600\/download%2B%25284%2529.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-KCzCPIBBBvw\/VV3tQ1Gjp3I\/AAAAAAAALsM\/QVZmZs_vxUI\/s400\/download%2B%25284%2529.png\" width=\"256\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal; text-align: start; white-space: normal;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003EWord clouds made with \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.tagxedo.com\/\"\u003ETagxedo\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 17.0000591278076px; white-space: pre-wrap;\"\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/1478686021621639295\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2015\/05\/osama-bin-ladens-infodump-is-as-long-as.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/1478686021621639295"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/1478686021621639295"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2015\/05\/osama-bin-ladens-infodump-is-as-long-as.html","title":"Osama bin Laden's infodump is as long as the first Harry Potter book, and other revelations of a preliminary text analysis"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-hVUUBLYAvK8\/VV3oqB5UDbI\/AAAAAAAALrY\/oze_kJUiYso\/s72-c\/obl_words.png","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-5959871444334485783"},"published":{"$t":"2015-03-23T05:38:00.000-04:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2015-03-23T05:38:43.159-04:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"bokeh"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"chakoteya"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"dialogue"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"episodes"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"language"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"star.trek"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"tos"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Dialogue plot of Star Trek: The Original Series"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"First, the plot. Hover over the points to see the character names.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ciframe src=\"http:\/\/www.dtdata.io\/bloglinks\/startrekplot.html\" style=\"height: 530px; width: 640px;\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWhy Star Trek? Well, I'm working on an in-depth analysis of all of Shakespeare's plays, so I'm vetting my method on Star Trek because (a) the size of the corpus is much smaller so each step in development takes less time and (b) I'm, sadly, more immediately familiar with the minutiae of Star Trek because reruns were on every day after school when I was growing up, so I'm more able to notice trends and problems.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThis isn't the finished product, but I thought it was interesting enough to warrant an interim blog post. All of the guest characters along the bottom appeared in one episode (except for a handful like those in both parts of The Menageries and Harcourt Fenton Mud who appeared in two). Trelane (if you're too young for TOS, he's sort of like a proto-Q from TNG) has the most dialogue per episode of any TOS character, guest or regular (if you've seen the episode, this will not surprise you). The super-speed Scalosian Queen Deela is the female character with the most dialogue; in fact, most of the high-dialogue guest stars are antagonists. Edith Keeler is the largest Kirk-love-interest part (ah, Joan Collins in the '60s); in general, Kirk was attracted to women due to the size of things other than their vocabularies, it seems (sorry, sorry, couldn't resist).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EI tend to think of TOS as an ensemble drama, but Kirk is really the only regular with more dialogue than most of the main guest stars. Kirk and Spock are the only characters who appear in all 79 episodes (McCoy is missing from one... I challenge you to leave a comment below saying which episode that is). Uhura is in more episodes than the rest of the supporting cast, but speaks less (\"Hailing frequencies open, Captain\" is only four words, after all). Interestingly, Yeoman Janice Rand has more dialogue per episode than any supporting character except Scotty, but she's way down the vertical axis because she was fired after 15 episodes, either (a) because they'd exhausted her flirtiness potential with Kirk, (b) because she was showing up to work drunk, or (c) because she objected to being sexually assaulted by a TV executive, \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Janice_Rand#Departure\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Edepending on the version of events\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EFinally, the Enterprise computer voice has slightly more words per episode than Nurse Chapel; they were voiced and played, respectively, by the same actress, Majel Barrett, beloved of Trek fans and of series creator Gene Roddenberry.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EI got the scripts from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.chakoteya.net\/StarTrek\/episodes.htm\"\u003Ewww.chakotaya.net\u003C\/a\u003E; they appear to be fan-transcribed scripts (hey, in the '60s, that's all you could do. I myself made one in 1996 of my favorite X-Files episode, Jose Chung's From Outer Space). They're rather error-prone (as is to be expected), so if you want to see the gory details of how I cleaned them up and made the graph in Bokeh, check out \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Prooffreader\/Misc_ipynb\/tree\/master\/star_trek_tos\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethis GitHub repo\u003C\/a\u003E or go directly to \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/github\/Prooffreader\/Misc_ipynb\/blob\/master\/star_trek_tos\/munge_tos_transcripts.ipynb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ethis IPython notebook\u003C\/a\u003E."},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/5959871444334485783\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2015\/03\/dialogue-plot-of-star-trek-original.html#comment-form","title":"2 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/5959871444334485783"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/5959871444334485783"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2015\/03\/dialogue-plot-of-star-trek-original.html","title":"Dialogue plot of Star Trek: The Original Series"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"2"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-8858700604279761364"},"published":{"$t":"2015-01-26T07:37:00.004-05:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2015-01-26T07:37:50.779-05:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"cause of death"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"cdc"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data analysis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data science"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Visualizing 10 unusual causes of death in the CDC mortality database"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Let me make two things clear right up front:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe metrics I used to decide what causes of death are unusual are purely subjective, i.e. which of the thousands of causes I skimmed through caught my eye and made me go, \"Huh.\"\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EIt is in no way my intention to make fun of anyone's death. I find these causes of death unusual, not amusing.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EAlso: I am a great believer in reproducible data science, so as always, I've made available everything anyone would need to reproduce (or extend!) my results in an IPython notebook (\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/github\/Prooffreader\/Misc_ipynb\/blob\/master\/mortality\/unusual_mortality.ipynb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Enbviewer version\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;or faster-loading \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/rawgit.com\/Prooffreader\/Misc_ipynb\/master\/mortality\/unusual_mortality.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehtml version\u003C\/a\u003E) and this \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Prooffreader\/Misc_ipynb\/tree\/master\/mortality\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGitHub repo folder\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EThe U.S. Centers for Disease Control maintains a data service called \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWONDER\u003C\/a\u003E (Wide-ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research); among its databases is the Compressed Mortality File tracking underlying cause of death from 1968 to 2012.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EThe causes of death are taken from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.wolfbane.com\/icd\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EInternational Classification of Diseases\u003C\/a\u003E\u0026nbsp;(which contains an enormous number of causes of death that are not what I would call diseases, such as being struck by a train). It\u0026nbsp;went through revisions in 1979 and 1999, so the categories do not match up cleanly through every year. For example, after 1978 \"transvestitism\" is no longer listed as a possible cause of death. (I'm not making this up. There are no deaths attributed to transvestitism in this database, but it's there in the schema, so perhaps it was assigned to someone before 1968)\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003ETools used: Python (with pandas and plotly) and Photoshop.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E1. Dental caries\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EIf my dentist had told me cavities could result in death, I might have flossed more often. We can see the change in cause of death definitions, as 1999 and on has slightly different wording.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-eZ8wUToFgVw\/VMTfj7ZCb-I\/AAAAAAAALiY\/HFOEkDIkd5E\/s1600\/img1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-eZ8wUToFgVw\/VMTfj7ZCb-I\/AAAAAAAALiY\/HFOEkDIkd5E\/s1600\/img1.jpg\" height=\"292\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E2. Weather or storm\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EHere we see even more clearly the divide between cause of death classifications. I don't know what they called these deaths before 1979, or what the big event was in 1980. I wonder about 2005; could it be Hurricane Katrina? The ICD-10 lists 'hurricanes' as a separate cause of death, but you always have to allow for human error in assigning these categories.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-eXa5WJkkup0\/VMThE46yTuI\/AAAAAAAALik\/2e-47tjfffk\/s1600\/img2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-eXa5WJkkup0\/VMThE46yTuI\/AAAAAAAALik\/2e-47tjfffk\/s1600\/img2.jpg\" height=\"328\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E3. Migraine\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EA good friend of mine has her life encompassed by her migraines; I had no idea they could result in death. You can see that after the 1979 revision, increased knowledge of this condition led to parsing into further categories.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-OVZhd_fYMCY\/VMTjcrHWGqI\/AAAAAAAALiw\/-nzUpk9ke2s\/s1600\/img3.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-OVZhd_fYMCY\/VMTjcrHWGqI\/AAAAAAAALiw\/-nzUpk9ke2s\/s1600\/img3.jpg\" height=\"348\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E4. Spacecraft\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EThis one I find somewhat puzzling. Since the database starts in 1968, we just miss the Apollo 1 fire the year before, but what about the seven deaths aboard the space shuttle Challenger in 1986?\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-q5YDRJrz8M0\/VMTk1fBrRVI\/AAAAAAAALi8\/Y0rPvCk-zMs\/s1600\/img4.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-q5YDRJrz8M0\/VMTk1fBrRVI\/AAAAAAAALi8\/Y0rPvCk-zMs\/s1600\/img4.jpg\" height=\"288\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E5. Conjunctivitis\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EI had conjunctivitis, or 'pinkeye', at least once as a child, and it was no big deal, so I was bemused at the first season South Park episode in which the entire town is so afraid of pinkeye, they confuse it with zombification. (As an aside, this was the first time I'd ever heard of pirated media, as a coworker of mine downloaded it off Usenet in 1997.) Turns out it can be deadly, and there are many, many categories of conjunctivitis deaths. (The graph's defaults don't have enough different colors to differentiate them all, but I think the forest matters more than the trees here.)\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZNl2hy9Sxmg\/VMTu2jzXn_I\/AAAAAAAALjM\/XWNDVlF9od4\/s1600\/img5.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-ZNl2hy9Sxmg\/VMTu2jzXn_I\/AAAAAAAALjM\/XWNDVlF9od4\/s1600\/img5.jpg\" height=\"352\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E6. Cleft palate or cleft lip\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EI find it encouraging that the death rate for this condition appears to have gone down. My dad grew up in the '50s with a girl with a \"hare lip\", as he called it, and hearing stories about it as a kid I felt so bad for her. Had I known it was a cause of death (and quite a more substantial one than many others on this list), my secondhand suffering would have been even worse.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-PwaiW4ELD1s\/VMTwlC_qXeI\/AAAAAAAALjY\/OWgouwZ-UJM\/s1600\/Untitled-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-PwaiW4ELD1s\/VMTwlC_qXeI\/AAAAAAAALjY\/OWgouwZ-UJM\/s1600\/Untitled-1.jpg\" height=\"326\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E7. Elbow\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EI tried to think of the most unlikely part of the body to result in death. Here it is. If you're wondering why there are six causes of death in the legend and four in the graph, it means two had no entries during the time period. Also, the cause 'Of elbow' means it was a subgroup of a supergroup that does not appear in the database I downloaded (I could have downloaded the supergroup fields, but I didn't, the file was huge enough already).\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EI'm assuming there was no outbreak of elbow deaths in the '80s and '90s, and that the higher bars are due to differences in criteria of classification. 'Enthesopathy' (a disorder of bone attachments) only appears in 1979, and its diagnosis drops down for all bones in 1999. If you're curious, you can see the graph in my gist notebook.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-d_h6gdzqEvY\/VMTyDaFABSI\/AAAAAAAALjk\/4_lhqB2UcQk\/s1600\/img7.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-d_h6gdzqEvY\/VMTyDaFABSI\/AAAAAAAALjk\/4_lhqB2UcQk\/s1600\/img7.jpg\" height=\"304\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E8. Animal\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EThis one was a little tricky. There are 13 categories of vehicle occupants in collision with 'pedestrian or animal' to remove, and then I thought to check specific animals like dogs and bees (cat fanciers will be happy to know there is no category devoted to death by feline, and yes, \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Animal\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ebees are animals\u003C\/a\u003E.)\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-g5G2VkPJy0E\/VMT3WfWMgII\/AAAAAAAALj0\/5q2IpjgLjgc\/s1600\/img8.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-g5G2VkPJy0E\/VMT3WfWMgII\/AAAAAAAALj0\/5q2IpjgLjgc\/s1600\/img8.jpg\" height=\"394\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E9. Ingrown nail\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EI actually had a pretty badly infected ingrown toenail as a kid. Still, it appears my odds were pretty good, as there's less than two deaths per decade attributed to it.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1dTQ5oNoJUc\/VMT5U8qGQQI\/AAAAAAAALkA\/_-zjNh3jMpo\/s1600\/img9.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-1dTQ5oNoJUc\/VMT5U8qGQQI\/AAAAAAAALkA\/_-zjNh3jMpo\/s1600\/img9.jpg\" height=\"246\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ch4\u003E10. War\u003C\/h4\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EYou wouldn't think war would be an unusual cause of death, the world being what it is, but I find the low numbers attributed to it unusual. There's absolutely no increase when the Iraq war starts in 2003. Make of it what you will.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-NwMm-sDleYY\/VMT6eN8eVyI\/AAAAAAAALkM\/W6AOp_XkAd0\/s1600\/Untitled-4.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-NwMm-sDleYY\/VMT6eN8eVyI\/AAAAAAAALkM\/W6AOp_XkAd0\/s1600\/Untitled-4.jpg\" height=\"462\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/8858700604279761364\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2015\/01\/visualizing-10-unusual-causes-of-death.html#comment-form","title":"1 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/8858700604279761364"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/8858700604279761364"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2015\/01\/visualizing-10-unusual-causes-of-death.html","title":"Visualizing 10 unusual causes of death in the CDC mortality database"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-eZ8wUToFgVw\/VMTfj7ZCb-I\/AAAAAAAALiY\/HFOEkDIkd5E\/s72-c\/img1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"1"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-8481289717556769510"},"published":{"$t":"2014-12-15T09:54:00.001-05:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2014-12-15T09:58:24.728-05:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"billboard"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.analysis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"dataviz"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"language"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"music"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"nlp"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"pop.music"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Most decade-specific words in Billboard popular song titles, 1890-2014"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003EChart first, then explanation (click to enlarge):\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-RczjGgSu4VU\/VIs3dccjucI\/AAAAAAAALes\/XlZaGN81Ooc\/s1600\/billboard.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-RczjGgSu4VU\/VIs3dccjucI\/AAAAAAAALes\/XlZaGN81Ooc\/s1600\/billboard.png\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003EThe inspiration for this post came from my being too lazy to set my iPod to shuffle, and then noticing it played a bunch of songs in a row from the 1930s and '40s that started with the letters \"in\" (\"In the Wee Small Hours of the Morning,\" \"In the Still of the Night\", etc.) Naturally, being a data nerd, my first thought was to quantify the phenomenon.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003EThe data comes not from Billboard itself, but from \u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.bullfrogspond.com\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ewww.bullfrogspond.com\u003C\/a\u003E; I don't know much about the data source, but it certainly looks thorough and painstaking, and up to date. If you'd like to know a little more about my methodology (like \u003Cb\u003Ea quick explanation of the metric, \"keyness\"\u003C\/b\u003E), see the code I used and\/or see \u003Cb\u003Ethe actual songs that correspond to these words\u003C\/b\u003E, head on over to my \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/prooffreaderplus.blogspot.ca\/2014\/12\/most-popular-songs-containing-most.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eother, nerdier blog, prooffreaderplus\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003EObservations about the results:\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe 2010s seem both more vulgar (\"hell\" and \"fuck\") and more inclusive (\"we\" instead of the \"you\", \"ya\" and \"u\" of the 1990s and 2000s).\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe 1990s and 2000s were the decades of neologisms, with \"U\", \"Ya\" and \"Thang\". \"U\" was so popular it occurred twice (but see the note on decade-binning on prooffreaderplus.)\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFun! Lots of the decades can be made into intelligible five-word sentences. For example: \"Hell Yeah, We Die, Fuck!\" (2010s). \"Ya Breathe It Like U\" (2000s), \"You Get Up, U Thang\" (1990s), \"Don't Rock On Fire, Love\" (1980s), \"Sing, Moon, In A Swing\" (1930s)\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EAs anyone who listens to the radio in December knows, all the Christmas songs are oldies, and that shows in the results for the 1950s, with \"Christmas\" and \"Red-nosed\".\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EYou can track genres with the keywords: \"Rag\" (1910s), \"Blues\" (1920s), \"Swing\" (1930s), \"Boogie\", \"Polka\" (1940s), \"Mambo\" (1950s), \"Twist\" (1960s), \"Disco\" (1970s), \"Rock\" (1970s and 1980s). After that, people realized you don't have to actually name the genre in the song title, people can figure it out by listening. (N'Sync must not have gotten that memo for 2001's \"Pop\".)\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EWho knew Billboard song rankings went back to the 1890s? It was a surprise to me. That fact, and the fact that there are fewer songs then, but not so few as to be negligible, influenced a lot of the choices into how I presented this data (read more here if you want). But those early decades seem to be more focused on first names (\"Michael\", \"Reuben\", \"Casey\"), familial relationships (\"Uncle\", \"Mammy\")\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe first two decades -- the oldest ones compared to now -- both have the keyword \"old\". I blame time travel.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EI find it interesting that there are short, common articles, adverbs, prepositions and pronouncs in the list; these have a higher bar for keyness, since they're present in other decades: \"When\" (1900s), \"A\" (1930s), \"In\" (1930s), \"On\" (1980s), \"Up\" (1990s), \"It\" (2000s)\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003ENow if you'll excuse me, I'm going to hunt through my iPod to see if there's even one song with \"gems\" in the title; it seems to have been popular in the 1910s.\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/8481289717556769510\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/12\/most-decade-specific-words-in-billboard.html#comment-form","title":"8 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/8481289717556769510"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/8481289717556769510"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/12\/most-decade-specific-words-in-billboard.html","title":"Most decade-specific words in Billboard popular song titles, 1890-2014"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-RczjGgSu4VU\/VIs3dccjucI\/AAAAAAAALes\/XlZaGN81Ooc\/s72-c\/billboard.png","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"8"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-3401918135121468978"},"published":{"$t":"2014-11-24T09:44:00.002-05:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2014-11-24T09:44:27.969-05:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"canada"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"climate"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"climate.change"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"environment.canada"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"geography"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"mapping"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"maps"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Projections of White Christmases until the year 2100, based on a climate model"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Below is a climate model projection of what areas of North America will be snow-covered on December 25 of each year between 2014 and 2100: \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ciframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"602\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http:\/\/gfycat.com\/ifr\/ZealousDefenselessChafer\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; -webkit-transform: scale(1);\" width=\"694\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E \u003Cbr \/\u003EA few things should be pointed out. First and foremost is:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ciframe frameborder=\"0\" height=\"288\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"http:\/\/gfycat.com\/ifr\/AcrobaticLegitimateAnura\" style=\"-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; -webkit-transform: scale(1);\" width=\"318\"\u003E\u003C\/iframe\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFurther to point #1 above, the point of this kind of climate model is not to accurately predict the weather every single day for 87 years, even though that's what the model contains. The point is to experiment, and experimental science is built on prediction. Evaluating those predictions makes for better models down the road. I'm no climatologist, so I'll let the Oregon Climate Change Research Institute explain \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/occri.net\/climate-science\/climate-modeling\/why-we-use-climate-models\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy We Use Climate Models\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EIn the map above, white is 100% snow coverage, and the white becomes more and more transparent at the fringes from 99% to 1% snow coverage, until the bare background is 0% snow coverage. The resolution of the climate model is only 0.44 degrees, so the fit isn't exact at the coastlines.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe data is from the \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/ccmac-cccma\/default.asp?lang=En\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECanadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis\u003C\/a\u003E, hosted at Environment Canada. The exact model is the \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.ec.gc.ca\/ccmac-cccma\/default.asp?lang=en\u0026amp;n=82DD0FCC-1\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFourth Generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CanRCM4)\u003C\/a\u003E, RCP 8.5 \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThat global warming kinda sneaks up on you, doesn't it? It's gradual, but when it loops back down to 2014, it's pretty obvious. I imagine people in Grande Prairie, Alberta are looking forward to the end of the 21st century.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/prooffreaderplus.blogspot.ca\/2014\/11\/python-code-to-plot-cccma-netcdf-files.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHere is a post\u003C\/a\u003E on my other, nerdier blog about how to make maps in Python based on the CCCma's NetCDF files. There are plenty of examples out there on plotting these files, but not with the format CCCma uses.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThere's also \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Prooffreader\/Misc_ipynb\/tree\/master\/CCCma\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ecode on my GitHub\u003C\/a\u003E, with links to nbviewer notebooks\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ETools used: Python with IPython, netCDF4, Matplotlib, Basemap and PIL; Photoshop; Gfycat.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/3401918135121468978\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/11\/projections-of-white-christmases-until.html#comment-form","title":"2 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/3401918135121468978"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/3401918135121468978"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/11\/projections-of-white-christmases-until.html","title":"Projections of White Christmases until the year 2100, based on a climate model"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"2"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-5021506521223081648"},"published":{"$t":"2014-11-18T11:25:00.001-05:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2014-11-23T10:48:15.328-05:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"video"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"youtube"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"An Introduction to Data Visualization"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"An introduction to the practice of data visualization, with theory, examples, and good humor.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThis is a studio rerecording of a presentation I was asked to give to McGill University graduate students from many disciplines in Montreal, Canada in November 2014.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/Prooffreader\/introduction-to-data-visualization-41067274\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EHere's a link to the slideshare version\u003C\/a\u003E if you'd rather read than listen to me.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EI give shoutouts to Alberto Cairo, Nathan Yau and Edward Tufte, without whom I'd be much less well informed.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cobject width=\"320\" height=\"266\" class=\"BLOGGER-youtube-video\" classid=\"clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http:\/\/download.macromedia.com\/pub\/shockwave\/cabs\/flash\/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\" data-thumbnail-src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/XIgjTuDGXYY\/0.jpg\"\u003E\u003Cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/XIgjTuDGXYY?version=3\u0026f=user_uploads\u0026c=google-webdrive-0\u0026app=youtube_gdata\" \/\u003E\u003Cparam name=\"bgcolor\" value=\"#FFFFFF\" \/\u003E\u003Cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\" \/\u003E\u003Cembed width=\"500\" height=\"416\"  src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/v\/XIgjTuDGXYY?version=3\u0026f=user_uploads\u0026c=google-webdrive-0\u0026app=youtube_gdata\" type=\"application\/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\/embed\u003E\u003C\/object\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/5021506521223081648\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/11\/an-introduction-to-data-visualization.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/5021506521223081648"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/5021506521223081648"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/11\/an-introduction-to-data-visualization.html","title":"An Introduction to Data Visualization"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-2364229131295738374"},"published":{"$t":"2014-11-17T08:48:00.000-05:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2014-11-17T12:23:51.080-05:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.analysis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.science"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"english"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"gadsby"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"language"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"lipogram"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Visualizing word and letter frequencies in Gadsby, a novel without the letter 'e'"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"In 1939, Ernest Vincent Wright published the novel \u003Ci\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gadsby_(novel)\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGadsby\u003C\/a\u003E \u003C\/i\u003E(gee, I wonder where he came up with that name...), 58,124 words (by my count), none of which contain the letter 'e'.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ctable align=\"center\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"tr-caption-container\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-IOjrhfmCB-A\/VGgXPywwFaI\/AAAAAAAALck\/dLz_KPmW4MM\/s1600\/Gadsby.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-IOjrhfmCB-A\/VGgXPywwFaI\/AAAAAAAALck\/dLz_KPmW4MM\/s1600\/Gadsby.jpg\" height=\"200\" width=\"131\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"tr-caption\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003EThe cover is actually more colorful than the plot.\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHere are a few of the features of the English language Wright was deliberately ruling out by avoiding its most common letter:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\"The\": the most common word in English (about 5% of all words in most books);\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe pronouns \"he\", \"she\", \"we\", \"they\", \"me\", \"her\", \"them\";\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe common functional words \"when\", \"where\", \"these\", \"those\", \"every\";\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EMost past-tense verbs, \"walked\", \"went\", \"loved\";\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\"Sleeplessness\". Hey, I like that word.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EThe copyright to \u003Ci\u003EGadsby\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/i\u003Eexpired because Wright's estate didn't apply for a renewal, so you can find the entire\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lipogram\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Elipogram\u003C\/a\u003E (that's the term for this kind of writing) \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/spinelessbooks.com\/gadsby\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehere\u003C\/a\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.holybooks.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gadsby-by-Ernest-Vincent-Wright.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehere\u003C\/a\u003E. I tried to read it , but it was just too difficult. Not entirely due to the missing letter, but because it's really, really uninteresting. You want a good lipogram, try \u003Ci\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A_Void\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EA Void\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/i\u003E (which I couldn't find an electronic version of to analyze), \u003Ci\u003Ea lipogrammatic translation of a French lipogramatic novel\u003C\/i\u003E. How impressive is \u003Ci\u003Ethat?\u003C\/i\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003EAs data-centric soft of fellow, my immediate thought was to wonder how this constraint affected the word and letter frequency compared to 'normal' English. Obviously (I posited, correctly), word choice would be affected much more profoundly. On reading it, I saw there were a lot of Anglo-Saxon words and irregular verbs (\"said\", \"had\", \"was\", etc.). So, using Python's Natural Language Toolkit, I calculated word frequencies and compared them to the Brown corpus -- after I'd removed every word containing the letter 'e' from the latter. I used the standard technique of Log Likelihood keyness (basically, it's the confidence that a difference in frequency is 'real' instead of random) to determine the significance of word frequency differences (I've put the frequencies and comparisons using different metrics of all 3934 unique words in \u003Ci\u003EGadsby \u003C\/i\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1cyzEZonmXIguZ79mbiEeSNMrgjdrlWkJIvG_Xf8e1QA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ein a Google Doc\u003C\/a\u003E if you're interested):\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-eSloBJCnGO4\/VGiZgqVc6cI\/AAAAAAAALc0\/4aQGUydXB3g\/s1600\/brown1.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-eSloBJCnGO4\/VGiZgqVc6cI\/AAAAAAAALc0\/4aQGUydXB3g\/s1600\/brown1.png\" width=\"420\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe overrepresented words contain character names, but also \"big\" (as a replacement for \"large\"? \"enormous\"?) and \"folks\" (\"people\"?). The underrepresented words are the ones I found interesting, however: \"of\", \"to\" and \"in\" are very common words in English, and to have their usage reduced that much implies that even though they do not contain the letter \"e\", they are used in tandem with words containing \"e\" -- such as \"the\". So I analyzed how often each word has a neighboring \"e\"-word in Brown, and made a quasi-\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volcano_plot_(statistics)\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Evolcano plot\u003C\/a\u003E (the area of the circles is the frequency in \u003Ci\u003EGadsby\u003C\/i\u003E):\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-UZBm2-dGYx0\/VGia9VCIKrI\/AAAAAAAALdA\/SKV12kkFzcQ\/s1600\/download.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-UZBm2-dGYx0\/VGia9VCIKrI\/AAAAAAAALdA\/SKV12kkFzcQ\/s1600\/download.png\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EYou can see there's a palpable tendency for the over- and underrepresented words to be adjacent to \"e\"-containing words, whereas in that mishmash in the middle (words that have comparable frequencies in \u003Ci\u003EGadsby \u003C\/i\u003Eand Brown), the probability of e-adjacency is far more spread out.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHow much of this is simply due to the word \"the\"? Here's a volcano-ish plot restricting the analysis to frequency of \"the\"-adjacence in the full Brown:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/--sVpkCspz2o\/VGieH61UUHI\/AAAAAAAALdM\/s8rwQqqF_pY\/s1600\/download%2B(1).png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/--sVpkCspz2o\/VGieH61UUHI\/AAAAAAAALdM\/s8rwQqqF_pY\/s1600\/download%2B(1).png\" height=\"300\" width=\"400\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWe basically see the same pattern, but lower down the graph because we're using a more restrictive metric. The spike in the top middle shows that words that are often \"the\"-adjacent in Brown are, unsurprisingly, rare in \u003Ci\u003EGadsby\u003C\/i\u003E.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: large;\"\u003ELetter frequencies\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWell, that was fun. Next item: what happens to letter frequencies (again, \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1jOMkJhIr2Us2E-ZvYI-hfupzzQjDfc0gOzsjFObqxTc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehere's a Google Doc\u003C\/a\u003E)? Let's compare \u003Ci\u003EGadsby \u003C\/i\u003Eto Brown-without-e-words:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-A40qJ95SfLw\/VGimU1mBByI\/AAAAAAAALdc\/Z5sS0lQsyN4\/s1600\/download%2B(2).png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-A40qJ95SfLw\/VGimU1mBByI\/AAAAAAAALdc\/Z5sS0lQsyN4\/s1600\/download%2B(2).png\" height=\"526\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThat was unexpected (by me, anyway). The only vowel to be more frequent in \u003Ci\u003EGadsby \u003C\/i\u003Eis the relatively little-used \"u\"! The others, \"a\", \"e\", and \"i\", are all less used in \u003Ci\u003EGadsby\u003C\/i\u003E. It appears that the slack must be taken up by moderate-frequency \u003Ci\u003Econsonants. \u003C\/i\u003ELet's have a look at the log-likelihoods:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Vn44UDypP2E\/VGiwlCSGidI\/AAAAAAAALds\/y2mMMqvdHGs\/s1600\/Untitled-1.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-Vn44UDypP2E\/VGiwlCSGidI\/AAAAAAAALds\/y2mMMqvdHGs\/s1600\/Untitled-1.png\" height=\"296\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EI would never have predicted \"g\" and \"f\" to be the biggest winner and loser, respectively! Here are the top 10 g-containing words:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cpre\u003E  Rank  Word    Gadsby freq.  Brown freq.*\u003Cbr \/\u003E    26  gadsby      364             0\u003Cbr \/\u003E    32  big         297            32\u003Cbr \/\u003E    59  young       187            35\u003Cbr \/\u003E    74  good        129            73\u003Cbr \/\u003E    84  got         113            44\u003Cbr \/\u003E    86  long        108            68\u003Cbr \/\u003E    87  girls       106            13\u003Cbr \/\u003E    90  go          104            57\u003Cbr \/\u003E    92  girl        100            20\u003Cbr \/\u003E    94  right        99            56\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E* Brown without 'e'-containing words,\u003Cbr \/\u003Enormalized to same length as Gadsby.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/pre\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EOf course, there's the main character, Mr. Gadsby himself (interesting aside: Wright never calls him that, because even though \"Mr\" contains no \"e\", it's short for a word that does, and that would be cheating). Now let's see the \"f\"-containing words in the Brown corpus:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cpre\u003E Rank  Word    Frequency\u003Cbr \/\u003E  2    of        36406\u003Cbr \/\u003E  9    f         12431\u003Cbr \/\u003E  14   for        9485\u003Cbr \/\u003E  39   from       4370\u003Cbr \/\u003E  64   if         2199\u003Cbr \/\u003E  88   first      1359\u003Cbr \/\u003E 102   after      1070\u003Cbr \/\u003E 107   before     1011\u003Cbr \/\u003E 144   life        709\u003Cbr \/\u003E 157   off         637\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/pre\u003EInterestingly, most of these words do not contain \"e\", but they are often \"e\"-adjacent; \"of\", for example, is preceded or followed by an \"e\"-containing word 85.7% of the time in Brown.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EOkay, let \u003Cstrike\u003Eme\u003C\/strike\u003E us try this: I \u003Cstrike\u003Ehope\u003C\/strike\u003E\u0026nbsp;am hoping that you \u003Cstrike\u003Eenjoyed\u003C\/strike\u003E \u003Cstrike\u003Eliked \u003C\/strike\u003Edid cotton to this blog post; it was an intriguing \u003Cstrike\u003Esubject\u003C\/strike\u003E\u0026nbsp;topic to look at, for its linguistic traits. \u003Ci\u003EGadsby \u003C\/i\u003Eis a fun study!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EWhew! That was exactly as hard as it looked!\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ci\u003EMethodology: here is a \u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/Prooffreader\/word_list_tools\/tree\/master\/gadsby\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EGithub repo\u003C\/a\u003E of the analysis, and nbviewer docs of the \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/github\/Prooffreader\/word_list_tools\/blob\/master\/gadsby\/gadsby_word_frequency_analysis.ipynb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eword\u003C\/a\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/github\/Prooffreader\/word_list_tools\/blob\/master\/gadsby\/gadsby_letter_frequency_analysis.ipynb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eletter\u003C\/a\u003E frequency analyses. Tools: Python with IPython, NLTK, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn and Plot.ly; Microsoft Excel; Adobe Photoshop\u003C\/i\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/2364229131295738374\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/11\/visualizing-word-and-letter-frequencies.html#comment-form","title":"1 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/2364229131295738374"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/2364229131295738374"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/11\/visualizing-word-and-letter-frequencies.html","title":"Visualizing word and letter frequencies in Gadsby, a novel without the letter 'e'"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-IOjrhfmCB-A\/VGgXPywwFaI\/AAAAAAAALck\/dLz_KPmW4MM\/s72-c\/Gadsby.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"1"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2331431303443143659.post-3295948512495338144"},"published":{"$t":"2014-09-29T08:10:00.000-04:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2014-09-29T08:16:40.929-04:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"coha"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"corpus"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.analysis"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.science"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"data.visualization"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"dataviz"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"english"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"language"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"words"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"The trendiest words in American English for each decade of 19th \u0026 20th c. (determined by a chemistry\/astronomy technique)"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"While \"trend\" has a clear mathematical definition, \"trendiness\" does not; I've chosen a method that is equally sensitive to the nerdy sense of the word (rapidity of rise\/fall) AND the common meaning (\"trendy\" = \"popular\"). More explanation later; here's the chart (click to enlarge):\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-NN36ei05pAw\/VCk-aciRi4I\/AAAAAAAALWg\/lFGExoXpQCo\/s1600\/trendycoha.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-NN36ei05pAw\/VCk-aciRi4I\/AAAAAAAALWg\/lFGExoXpQCo\/s1600\/trendycoha.jpg\" height=\"348\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe calculations were done on the \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/corpus.byu.edu\/coha\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECorpus of Historical American English\u003C\/a\u003E from Brigham Young University. You can see from \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/corpus.byu.edu\/coha\/help\/texts_e.asp\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Etheir content list\u003C\/a\u003E that they are heavy on books in the 19th century, then gradually newspapers take up more and more of the corpus. The overall amount of fiction is relatively stable, but this trend analysis is quite sensitive to corpus composition in each decade.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EUntil the 1920s, every popular word comes from books, usually a character name. For example, in the 1870s, there were at least five major books by different authors with a major character (whose name, therefore, got repeated a lot) named Elsie. It appears (at first glance, anyway) that character names had a bandwagon effect, much like baby names do 100 years later.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAlso present are deliberately misspelled words like \"uv\" for \"of\" and \"ter\" for \"to\" (like \"Ah oughts ter uv dun somethin\") . This was a style of satirical writing at the time, not all of it racist, but certainly some of it.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn the 20th century, President's names dominate, except for \"planes\" during World War II and, surprisingly to me, EPA (for Environmental Protection Agency) in the 1990s. The reason it beat out \"Clinton\" is that his name kept being used throughout the next decade, and \"Bush\" because that name has a common meaning as well.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/07\/trendiest-baby-names-in-social-security.html\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EI've used a chromatography peak technique (popular in analytical chemistry and astronomy) to analyze non-hard-science data before,\u003C\/a\u003E here's a quick visual of how it works:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-NA0J7jKCN5g\/VClCMVHyLvI\/AAAAAAAALWs\/HJedZ1GGKWM\/s1600\/trendiness.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-NA0J7jKCN5g\/VClCMVHyLvI\/AAAAAAAALWs\/HJedZ1GGKWM\/s1600\/trendiness.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"387\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003EHere is a list of the 100 trendiest words overall:\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 516px;\"\u003E\u003Ccolgroup\u003E\u003Ccol style=\"width: 102pt;\" width=\"136\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol style=\"width: 63pt;\" width=\"84\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol style=\"width: 50pt;\" width=\"67\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol style=\"width: 101pt;\" width=\"135\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003Ccol style=\"width: 71pt;\" width=\"94\"\u003E\u003C\/col\u003E\u003C\/colgroup\u003E\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"40\" style=\"height: 30pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl66\" height=\"40\" style=\"height: 30pt; width: 102pt;\" width=\"136\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003Eword\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl66\" style=\"border-left-style: none; width: 63pt;\" width=\"84\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003Etrendiness\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl66\" style=\"border-left-style: none; width: 50pt;\" width=\"67\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003Epeak year\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl67\" style=\"border-left-style: none; width: 101pt;\" width=\"135\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003Eheight (% popularity\u003Cbr \/\u003Eat peak year)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl67\" style=\"border-left-style: none; width: 71pt;\" width=\"94\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003Ewidth at 50%\u003Cbr \/\u003Eheight (years)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ereagan\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00338\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1985\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0338\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Enixon\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00283\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1975\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0283\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Euv\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00277\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1865\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0277\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ekennedy\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00275\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1965\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0275\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Eeisenhower\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00224\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1955\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0224\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Eter\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00169\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1885\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0169\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ecommunist\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00166\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1955\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0249\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E15\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Eplanes\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00122\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1945\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0122\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ejimmie\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00118\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1915\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0118\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ecoolidge\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00111\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1925\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0111\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Eelsie\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00107\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1875\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0107\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ebradshaw\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00107\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1835\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; 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border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ewatergate\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00050\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1975\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0050\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ems\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00050\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1955\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0050\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Epuffer\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00050\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1845\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0050\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Edidn\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1985\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Epurl\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1875\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Emaroney\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1875\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Enunez\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1835\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Etrina\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1925\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0049\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Eronald\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1985\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Erandy\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1905\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Egeorgie\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1875\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Ecastro\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1965\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0048\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003Ctr height=\"20\" style=\"height: 15pt;\"\u003E\u003Ctd class=\"xl65\" height=\"20\" style=\"border-top-style: none; height: 15pt;\"\u003Elottie\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.00047\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E1875\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E0.0047\u003C\/td\u003E\u003Ctd align=\"right\" class=\"xl65\" style=\"border-left-style: none; border-top-style: none;\"\u003E10\u003C\/td\u003E\u003C\/tr\u003E\u003C\/tbody\u003E\u003C\/table\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EA few observations: most of the words have a peak width of 10 years (the minimum, since COHA's resolution is at the decade level). Notable exceptions are Roosevelt (FDR was president during two decades, one wartime) and Soviet (a 40 year peak, which means the peak height was quite high to make it on the list). Some words of note: failed presidential candidates Dewey, Stevenson and Goldwater; Newt (but not Gingrich); Hitler and Nazi; Watergate; Ronald (the only presidential first name on the list).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/nbviewer.ipython.org\/github\/Prooffreader\/word_list_tools\/blob\/master\/coha_decades\/trendiness.ipynb\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EThe code used is on my GitHub\u003C\/a\u003E, but here's the gist of it (no pun intended):\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Col\u003E\u003Cli\u003EThe COHA 1-gram corpus is restricted, but I have an academic licence. Thanks to BYU for that. On my GitHub, I have summary data, but not the dataset itself.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003ECOHA is arranged in decades; I assigned each word the year in the middle of the decade (e.g. 1970s, which covers 1970-1979, was assigned 1975).\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EFor each word, I interpolated by simple mean the popularity for years ending in \"0\". For example, if a word was a 0.0024% in 1975 and 0.0026% in 1985, I assigned 0.0025% in 1980. This was so peak widths for words that appeared only in one decade could be calculated (otherwise they would have a peak width of zero, and have infinite 'trendiness').\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003EInstead of interpolating further to calculate peak widths (which would be entering overfitting territory), I used a simple Boolean test to calculate the start and end of each peak. The first time a point at a five-year interval exceeded 50% maximum peak height, the counter started, and then the first time it sank below 50%, it stopped. This means if a word was bimodal (two peaks in different years) with a point below 50% of maximum between the two peaks, only the larger peak was counted. This was not a common occurrence, and it ensured words only ever appeared once each.\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\"Trendiness\" was calculated by the peak height (in % of corpus during that year) divided by peak width (in years, always a multiple of five for reasons explained in the previous step)\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/feeds\/3295948512495338144\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/09\/the-trendiest-words-in-american-english.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/3295948512495338144"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/2331431303443143659\/posts\/default\/3295948512495338144"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/www.prooffreader.com\/2014\/09\/the-trendiest-words-in-american-english.html","title":"The trendiest words in American English for each decade of 19th \u0026 20th c. (determined by a chemistry\/astronomy technique)"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"David Taylor"},"uri":{"$t":"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114710737877360929965"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"32","height":"32","src":"\/\/lh3.googleusercontent.com\/-gsrNrQxYj7g\/AAAAAAAAAAI\/AAAAAAAAJpk\/lZz_Nw0tiNg\/s512-c\/photo.jpg"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-NN36ei05pAw\/VCk-aciRi4I\/AAAAAAAALWg\/lFGExoXpQCo\/s72-c\/trendycoha.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}}]}});